The Rogers Physical Fitness Index
STRENGTH: Muscle strength refers to the maximum contraction power of
the Muscles.
ESTABLISHED: Frederick Rand
Roger’s, 1926, USA.
PURPOSE: To measure muscle strength plus
lung capacity.
AGE GROUP: Elementary school Boys, Girls,
Junior High School Boys, Girls, Senior High school Boys, Girls and College men
and women.
The Rogers Physical Fitness Index
is an early attempt to create a single fitness index based on scores from a
range of fitness tests. This index created by Frederick Rand Rogers in the
1920.I
n
selecting the individual elements composing the PFI battery, Rogers included
only tests that would measure most of the large muscles of the body. As a
result, the complete test involves the following muscle groups: forearms,
shoulder girdle, back, and legs. Most of the large muscles not tested are
antagonistic to those tested-Rogers composite test of seven elements is a
reduction from ten tests given by Sergeant.
With
the construction of norm tables for many combination of sex, age, and weight,
two major scores are possible - the Strength Index and Physical Fitness Index -
each of which has a distinctly purpose. By the construction of these norm
tables, Rogers created the PFI.
The Strength Index:
The
Strength Index is the gross score obtained from the six strength tests plus
lung capacity. It is proposed as a measure of general athletic ability and
should be conceived neither as a measure of skill in any particular sport nor
as a measure of physical fitness. It is with this measure, scored in kilograms
and points rather than pounds and points that Sargent was familiar. The old
Sargent test was an athletic ability test only.
The physical Fitness Index:
The
physical Fitness Index is a score derive from comparing and achieved Strength
Index with a norm based upon the individual’s sex, weight, and age, It is a
measure of basic physical fitness elements, including both muscular strength
and muscular endurance.
TEST BATTERIES
This test is made up of seven test
items, six items of which measure the strength of large muscle groups while the
seventh item, the spirometer test, measures the lung vital capacity. Age,
height, and weight are also recorded for each subject before testing. The
battery of tests is administered in the following order.
Test consists of 7 items including lung capacity, they are,
|
Item |
Component |
Equipment to measure |
|
1. Lung capacity |
Lung capacity |
Wet spirometer |
|
2. Right grip strength |
Right grip muscle strength |
Grip Dynamometer |
|
3. Left grip strength |
Left grip muscle strength |
Grip Dynamometer |
|
4. Back lift |
Back muscle strength |
Dynamometer |
|
5. Leg lift |
Leg muscle strength |
Dynamometer |
|
6. Pull-up |
Shoulder gridle strength |
Horizontal Bar |
|
7. Push-up |
Arm and shoulder strength |
Plain floor |
Sequence of test items
1. Age recorded
in years and months
2. Height to nearest half inch; subject
in stocking feet
3. Weight to nearest half pound; subject
in gymnasium clothes
and stocking feet.
4. Lung capacity,
using wet spirometer; recorded in cubic inches.
5.
Grip strength
using a manometer, or hand dynamometer, of rectangular type; recorded in pounds.
6.
Back lift using dynamometer; recorded
in pounds
7. Leg lift using dynamometer, recorded in pounds
8.
Pull-ups: Boys horizontal bars with attached
rings, recorded maximum number [ chinning
the bar] Pull-ups: (Girls) Rings attached
to adjustable horizontal bar. Body at right angles
to bar with heels under bar resting
on floor. Recorded
maximum number.
9.
Push-ups (Dips):
Boys performed on parallel bars. Recorded maximum
number. Push-ups (Girls)
performed on stall bar bench - Recorded maximum
number.
Lung Capacity:
Lung capacity is measured in cubic
with a wet Spiro meter. This is the amount of air that can be expired after the
deepest possible inspiration.
1.
The Spiro meter should be equipped with an extra-length rubber hose (36 to 42
inches), filled with water to within one inch of the top, and placed at such a
height that all subjects can stand erect when beginning the test good
arrangement for the majority of students is to place the base from four and
one-half feet from the floor.
2.
An individual wooden mouthpiece, the most hygienic, is used for each subject.
The mouthpieces should not be handed by the tester, but should be inserted into
the tube by the subject being tested. The wood mouthpiece may be used
repeatedly if thoroughly sterilized by boiling steaming or soaking for half an
hour in an antiseptic solution, such as zephyr aqueous solution, 1/1000. A
glass mouthpiece is not recommended unless some method can he devised for instantaneous
is sterilization.
3.
The subject should take one or two deep breaths before the test. Then after the
fullest possible inhalation, be should exhale slowly and steadily while bending
forward over the hose until all the air control is expelled. Care should be
taken to prevent air from escaping either through the test does not take a
second breath.
4.
The tester should watch the indicator closely to note when it reaches the
height point.
5. The rubber plug at the base of the Spiro meter should be removed when lowering the inner can after a test has been administered. (Some Spiro meters, as in the illustration, have an air -release valve on the top the inner can rather than a plug at the base) Care should be taken in lowering this can so rise higher with continued blowing into the hose, additional water is required. This situation will occur if there is an insufficient amount of water in the can, which may happen if the water level has been lowered through spilling.
Grip Strength:
1.The
tester should take the right corner of the manometer between the thumb and
bolding the hand to be tested with his left hand in such a manner that the convex
edge of the manometer is between the first and second joints of the fingers and
they should be placed face down in the hand.
2.
In taking the test, the subject’s elbow should be slightly bent and hand should
describe as weeping are downward as he squeezes the manometer. The hands should
not be allowed to touch the body, or any object, while the being administered.
If they do, the score should not be read at all, and should be given after a
shout rest period of 30 seconds.
3.
The right hand should be tested first and then the left. Scores be read to the
nearest pound.
4.
A cake of magnesium carbonate should be available for dusting the hands if they
should become moist and slippery.
5.
The indicator should be returned to zero after each test
Back lift
I.
The subject (with the feet in proper position on the base of the dynamometer)
stands on the dynamometer base, with feet parallel and about 6 inches apart.
The malleoli of the ankle joint should be as nearly opposite the attachment of
the dynamometer to its base as possible.
II.
The subject stands with head erect, back straight, and chalked fingers
extending down the thighs. The tester holds the bar at the lips of the
subject’s fingers to obtain proper adjustment. The bar is then connected to the
chain.
III.
The subject bends slightly forward, with knees straight, and grasps the bar
near either end with thumb clenching fingers and with one palm forward and one
palm backward. When the subject is in position to lift, the back should be
slightly bent at the hips, so that he will not completely straighten when
lifting, bent the legs should be straightened with no bend at the knees. The
head should be up and eyes directed straight ahead.
IV.
The subject is asked to lift straight up while the tester spots by placing his
hands over the subject’s to prevent the latter’s hands from slipping.
Pull-up Tests:
In Rogers’s construction of his
strength battery, he administered the pull-up tests for boys and girls from
rings attached loosely to a bar in order to allow the wrists to twist been
discarded and the tests are given with hands grasping the chinning bar
The
bar should be located high enough so that feet of the tallest boy do not touch
the floor when performing the test.
1.In
taking the pull-up test, the subject hangs from the bar by his hands with
forward bad grip and chins himself as many times as he can. In executing the
movement, he should pull himself up until his chin is even with his hands, then
lower himself until his chin is even with his hands then lower himself until
his arms are straight. He should not be permitted to kick, jerk, or use a kip
motion.
2.Half-counts
are recorded if the subject does not pull all the way up, if he does not
straighten his arms completely when lowering the body, or if he kicks, jerks,
or kips in performing the movement. Only four half-counts are permitted.
Girls’ pull-up Test:
For the girls’ pull-up test, use
either and adjustable horizontal bar or one bar of the parallel bars, which
permits convenient raising and lower. A mat should be he lay on the floor to
prevent the feet from slipping.
3.
The bar should be adjusted to approximately the height of the apex of the sternum,
thus requiring each girl to pull approximately the same proportion of her
weight. Time may be saved in adjusting the bar if girls are arranged by height
at the beginning of the test.
4.
The girl should grasp the bar with palms outward and should slide her feet
under the bar until the body and arms from approximately a right-angle when the
body is held straight. The weight should rest on the heels.
3.
The test is to pull up to the bar with the body held perfectly straight as many
times as possible. The girls should pull a dead weight, the exercise being
performed by the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle only.
4.
If the body sags, if the hips rise, or if the knees bend in a kip motion, or if
the subject does not pull completely up or go completely down, half-credit only
is given up to four half-credits.
A.
E. Gay formerly the Lockport, New York, public school, perfected a device that
improves the procedure for administering the girls’ pull-up test. This device
consists of a platform with an adjustable heel rest which may be raised or
lowered depending upon the height or the being tested, the bar remaining at a
fixed height.
Boy’s push-up Test
(or “dipping bars”)
The push-up test for boys may be
administered either on the regular gymnasium parallel bars or on wall parallel
(or “dipping bars”).The regulation parallel bars are preferred since their wide
and height may be adjusted to the height of the subject.
1.
The bars should be adjusted at approximately shoulder height.
2.
The subject should stand at the end of the parallels bars, grasping one bar in
each hand. He jumps to the front support with arms straight (this count one).
He lowers his body until the angle of the upper arms and forearm is less than a
right angle, then pushes up to the straight-arm position (this count two). This
movement is repeated as many times as possible. The subject should not be jerk
or kick or stop and rest when executing push-ups.
3.
At the first dip for each subject, the tester should gauge the proper distance
the body should be lowered by observing the elbow angle. He should then hold
his first or fingers so that the subject’s shoulder just touches it on repeated
movements.
4.
If the subject does not go down to the proper bent-arm angle or all the way up
to a straight-arm position, half-credit only is given, up to four half-credits.
Push-Up Test for Girls:
The push-up test for girls is
executed from a stall bar bench, or a stool, 13 inches high by 20 inches long
by 14 inches wide. It should be placed on a mat about six inches from a wall so
that subject will not take a position too far forward.
5.The
girl should grasp the outer edges of the bench or stool at the nearest corners
and assume the front-leaning rest position, with the balls of her feet resting
on the matrons with her body and arms forming a right angle.
6.The
test is to lower the body so that the upper chest touches the near edge of the
stall bar bench, then raise it to a straight-arm position as many times as
possible. In performing the test, the girl’s body should be held straight
throughout.
7.
If the body sways or arches, or if the subject does not go completely down or
does not push completely up, half-credit is give, up to four half-credits.
SCORING
•
Scoring
of the Physical Fitness Index (PFI) is accomplished in the following
manner:
•
Arm strength
•
Arm Strength for both boys and girls is computed
by the following formula:
•
W
•
(Pull-ups + Push-ups) (------------ ) + H -
60)
•
10
•
W = Represents the weight in pounds
•
H = Height
in inches
•
fractions are corrected to whole numbers.
:
•
Example
•
Pull-ups 7 - Push-up
8. Height 68 inches weight
5 pounds.
•
160
•
(7+8)
( ------------) + 68 – 60)
•
10
• = (15) (16+8)
• = 15 x 24
= 360 pounds
•
N.B : If the subject is below 60 inches
in height, the height should be disregarded in the formula.
•
Strength Index
:
•
Strength index is the total score determined by adding together
the scores made on each
test item; lung capacity, right grip, left grip, back strength, leg strength, and arm strength.
The
Norm
• The norm charts are based upon sex,
weight, and age, the normal score being changed for each two pound increase in
weight and for each half year increase in age.
• Instead of interpolating to determine the norm
for those individuals between points on the norm chart, the weight above and
age below should be taken.
• For example, if an individual weighs 151 pounds
the norm at 152 should be taken, if he is 16 years and 5 months of age, the
norm at 16 years should be taken.
Physical
Fitness Index
The
physical fitness index is computed from the following formula.
PFI
=
Achieved
SI
x
100
Normal
SI
His
normal SI (From the strength Index Norms table) is 2188.
2200
PFI
= ---------- x 100 = 101 2188
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